Differentialcontributionsofplateletsandfibrinogentoearlycoagulopathyinaratmodelofhemorrhagicshock
HayleyL.Letson,GeoffreyP.Dobson
ThrombosisResearch.()58–65
背景:早期创伤性凝血病机制尚未明确。本研究旨在探讨血小板和纤维蛋白原对失血性休克大鼠早期凝血病的作用。
Background:Themechanismsofearlytraumatic-inducedcoagulopathyarenotwellunderstood.Ouraimwastoexaminetheroleofplateletsandfibrinogentoearlycoagulopathyintheratafterhemorrhagicshock.
方法:成年SD大鼠被麻醉后随机分为对照组、出血组和休克组(每组10只)。出血组大鼠进行控制性放血20min,休克组大鼠进行控制性放血60min。放血后应用凝血酶原时间(PT)、部分活化凝血酶原时间(APTT)、旋转式血栓弹力计(ROTEM)和酶联免疫吸附实验(ELISAs)评估凝血功能。
Methods:AdultSprague-Dawleyratswereanesthetizedandrandomlyassignedto:1)Baseline,2)Hemorrhageor3)Shock(n=10each).Controlledphlebotomyoccurredover20minandanimalswereleftinshock60min.CoagulationwasassessedusingPT,aPTT,ROTEMandELISAs.
结果:与对照组相比,出血组和休克组的PT和APTT延长5-7倍。外源性凝血弹力图试验(EXTEM)和内源性凝血弹力图试验(INTEM)的凝血时间延长、血凝块弹性降低,EXTEM溶解指数(LI,相当于TEG中的LY)升高,证明大鼠处于低凝状态。经过放血20min后,LI(30-60)在纤维蛋白原功能弹力图试验(FIBTEM)中显示为%,EXTEM中为83-87%,纤溶功能弹力图试验(APTEM)中为80-82%,显示在这个阶段血小板功能障碍是发生凝血病的主要原因,而非纤溶亢进。在放血60min出现休克时,情况则相反,纤维蛋白原功能损害是凝血病的主要原因。从最大溶解度(ML)指标≥15%即可说明,凝血病存在血小板为基础因素到纤维蛋白原为基础因素的转化。血浆纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂-1(PAI-1)水平在出血后会升高三倍,但在休克后反而下降到难以检测的水平。特别的是,无论在出血或休克的进行性低凝状态下,10min血块振幅(A10)的FIBTEM/EXTEM比率始终保持1:5的水平,这个比率代表了纤维蛋白原与血小板比值对血块强度的影响。能够反映系统性内皮损伤及组织灌溉不足的指标,如P-选择素、酸中毒和乳酸均有显著升高。
Results:PTandaPTTincreased5to7timesfollowinghemorrhageandshock.ProlongationofEXTEMandINTEMclottingtimes,lowerclotelasticityandincreasedEXTEMlysisindex(LI)indicatedahypocoagulopathy.After20minhemorrhage,LI(30–60)inFIBTEMwas~%,EXTEM83–87%andAPTEM80–82%indicatingaplateletcontributiontothecoagulopathywithnohyperfibrinolysis.After60minshock,thesituationwasreversedwithfibrinogenlossbeingacontributor.Thisapparentswitchfromaplatelet-toafibrinogen-basedcoagulopathy,withfibrinolysis,wassupportedby≥15%inmaximumlysis(ML),athreefoldincreaseinplasmaPAI-1afterhemorrhage,andundetectablelevelsaftershock.Curiously,therelativecontributionoffibrinogen/plateletratiotoclotamplitude,determinedfromFIBTEM/EXTEMA10ratio(andMCF),remainedunchangedat~1:5forbaseline,hemorrhageandshockdespiteaprogressivehypocoagulopathy.SignificantincreasesinP-selectin,acidosisandlactateindicatedsystemicendothelialdamageandtissuehypoperfusion.
结论:大鼠在严重出血和休克后会依次出现血小板功能障碍、纤维蛋白原功能缺损,并因此呈现低凝状态,这可能与进行性内皮功能障碍有关。
Conclusions:Hypocoagulopathyfollowingseverehemorrhageandshockintheratappearedtoinvolveatwo-stepprocessofplateletdysfunctionfollowedbyfibrinogenimpairment,possiblylinkedtoprogressiveendothelialdysfunction.
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